Cari
Berkontribusi

Edit dokumentasi ini

Terjemahkan dokumentasi atau buka proyek lengkap di komputer Anda.

Tidak ada yang dipublikasikan hingga Anda memilih untuk mengirimkan pekerjaan Anda.

Praktik Terbaik Binding

Pola desain dan praktik terbaik untuk binding Go-JavaScript

Praktik Terbaik Binding

Ikuti pola yang telah terbukti saat merancang binding untuk menghasilkan binding yang rapi, berkinerja tinggi, dan aman. Panduan ini membahas prinsip desain API, pengoptimalan kinerja, pola keamanan, penanganan kesalahan, dan strategi pengujian untuk aplikasi yang mudah dipelihara.

Prinsip Desain API

1. Tanggung Jawab Tunggal

Setiap layanan sebaiknya memiliki satu tujuan yang jelas:

go
// ❌ Bad: God object
type AppService struct {
    // Does everything
}

func (a *AppService) SaveFile(path string, data []byte) error
func (a *AppService) GetUser(id int) (*User, error)
func (a *AppService) SendEmail(to, subject, body string) error
func (a *AppService) ProcessPayment(amount float64) error

// ✅ Good: Focused services
type FileService struct{}
func (f *FileService) Save(path string, data []byte) error

type UserService struct{}
func (u *UserService) GetByID(id int) (*User, error)

type EmailService struct{}
func (e *EmailService) Send(to, subject, body string) error

type PaymentService struct{}
func (p *PaymentService) Process(amount float64) error

2. Nama Metode yang Jelas

Gunakan nama yang deskriptif dan berorientasi pada tindakan:

go
// ❌ Bad: Unclear names
func (s *Service) Do(x string) error
func (s *Service) Handle(data interface{}) interface{}
func (s *Service) Process(input map[string]interface{}) bool

// ✅ Good: Clear names
func (s *FileService) SaveDocument(path string, content string) error
func (s *UserService) AuthenticateUser(email, password string) (*User, error)
func (s *OrderService) CreateOrder(items []Item) (*Order, error)

3. Tipe Nilai Kembalian yang Konsisten

Selalu kembalikan kesalahan secara eksplisit:

go
// ❌ Bad: Inconsistent error handling
func (s *Service) GetData() interface{}  // How to handle errors?
func (s *Service) SaveData(data string)  // Silent failures?

// ✅ Good: Explicit errors
func (s *Service) GetData() (Data, error)
func (s *Service) SaveData(data string) error

4. Validasi Input

Validasi semua input di sisi Go:

go
// ❌ Bad: No validation
func (s *UserService) CreateUser(email, password string) (*User, error) {
    user := &User{Email: email, Password: password}
    return s.db.Create(user)
}

// ✅ Good: Validate first
func (s *UserService) CreateUser(email, password string) (*User, error) {
    // Validate email
    if !isValidEmail(email) {
        return nil, errors.New("invalid email address")
    }
    
    // Validate password
    if len(password) < 8 {
        return nil, errors.New("password must be at least 8 characters")
    }
    
    // Hash password
    hash, err := bcrypt.GenerateFromPassword([]byte(password), bcrypt.DefaultCost)
    if err != nil {
        return nil, err
    }
    
    user := &User{
        Email:        email,
        PasswordHash: string(hash),
    }
    
    return s.db.Create(user)
}

Pola Kinerja

1. Operasi Batch

Kurangi pemanggilan melalui bridge dengan memproses operasi secara batch:

go
// ❌ Bad: N calls
// JavaScript
for (const item of items) {
    await ProcessItem(item)  // N bridge calls
}

// ✅ Good: 1 call
// Go
func (s *Service) ProcessItems(items []Item) ([]Result, error) {
    results := make([]Result, len(items))
    for i, item := range items {
        results[i] = s.processItem(item)
    }
    return results, nil
}

// JavaScript
const results = await ProcessItems(items)  // 1 bridge call

2. Paginasi

Jangan kembalikan set data yang sangat besar:

go
// ❌ Bad: Returns everything
func (s *Service) GetAllUsers() ([]User, error) {
    return s.db.FindAll()  // Could be millions
}

// ✅ Good: Paginated
type PageRequest struct {
    Page     int `json:"page"`
    PageSize int `json:"pageSize"`
}

type PageResponse struct {
    Items      []User `json:"items"`
    TotalItems int    `json:"totalItems"`
    TotalPages int    `json:"totalPages"`
    Page       int    `json:"page"`
}

func (s *Service) GetUsers(req PageRequest) (*PageResponse, error) {
    // Validate
    if req.Page < 1 {
        req.Page = 1
    }
    if req.PageSize < 1 || req.PageSize > 100 {
        req.PageSize = 20
    }
    
    // Get total
    total, err := s.db.Count()
    if err != nil {
        return nil, err
    }
    
    // Get page
    offset := (req.Page - 1) * req.PageSize
    users, err := s.db.Find(offset, req.PageSize)
    if err != nil {
        return nil, err
    }
    
    return &PageResponse{
        Items:      users,
        TotalItems: total,
        TotalPages: (total + req.PageSize - 1) / req.PageSize,
        Page:       req.Page,
    }, nil
}

3. Caching

Simpan hasil operasi yang mahal dalam cache:

go
type CachedService struct {
    cache map[string]interface{}
    mu    sync.RWMutex
    ttl   time.Duration
}

func (s *CachedService) GetData(key string) (interface{}, error) {
    // Check cache
    s.mu.RLock()
    if data, ok := s.cache[key]; ok {
        s.mu.RUnlock()
        return data, nil
    }
    s.mu.RUnlock()
    
    // Fetch data
    data, err := s.fetchData(key)
    if err != nil {
        return nil, err
    }
    
    // Cache it
    s.mu.Lock()
    s.cache[key] = data
    s.mu.Unlock()
    
    // Schedule expiry
    go func() {
        time.Sleep(s.ttl)
        s.mu.Lock()
        delete(s.cache, key)
        s.mu.Unlock()
    }()
    
    return data, nil
}

4. Streaming dengan Event

Gunakan event untuk melakukan streaming data:

go
// ❌ Bad: Polling
func (s *Service) GetProgress() int {
    return s.progress
}

// JavaScript polls
setInterval(async () => {
    const progress = await GetProgress()
    updateUI(progress)
}, 100)

// ✅ Good: Events
// Service must hold a reference to *application.App to emit events / log:
//
//   type Service struct {
//       app *application.App
//   }
//
//   func NewService(app *application.App) *Service {
//       return &Service{app: app}
//   }
//
//   app := application.New(application.Options{})
//   app.RegisterService(application.NewService(NewService(app)))

func (s *Service) ProcessLargeFile(path string) error {
    file, err := os.Open(path)
    if err != nil {
        return err
    }
    defer file.Close()
    
    scanner := bufio.NewScanner(file)
    total := 0
    processed := 0
    
    // Count lines
    for scanner.Scan() {
        total++
    }
    
    // Process
    file.Seek(0, 0)
    scanner = bufio.NewScanner(file)
    
    for scanner.Scan() {
        s.processLine(scanner.Text())
        processed++
        
        // Emit progress
        s.app.Event.Emit("progress", map[string]interface{}{
            "processed": processed,
            "total":     total,
            "percent":   int(float64(processed) / float64(total) * 100),
        })
    }
    
    return scanner.Err()
}

// JavaScript listens
import { Events } from '@wailsio/runtime'

Events.On("progress", (event) => {
    updateProgress(event.data.percent)
})

Pola Keamanan

1. Sanitasi Input

Selalu sanitasi input pengguna:

go
import (
    "html"
    "strings"
)

func (s *Service) SaveComment(text string) error {
    // Sanitise
    text = strings.TrimSpace(text)
    text = html.EscapeString(text)
    
    // Validate length
    if len(text) == 0 {
        return errors.New("comment cannot be empty")
    }
    if len(text) > 1000 {
        return errors.New("comment too long")
    }
    
    return s.db.SaveComment(text)
}

2. Autentikasi

Lindungi operasi sensitif:

go
type AuthService struct {
    sessions map[string]*Session
    mu       sync.RWMutex
}

func (a *AuthService) Login(email, password string) (string, error) {
    user, err := a.db.FindByEmail(email)
    if err != nil {
        return "", errors.New("invalid credentials")
    }
    
    if !a.verifyPassword(user.PasswordHash, password) {
        return "", errors.New("invalid credentials")
    }
    
    // Create session
    token := generateToken()
    a.mu.Lock()
    a.sessions[token] = &Session{
        UserID:    user.ID,
        ExpiresAt: time.Now().Add(24 * time.Hour),
    }
    a.mu.Unlock()
    
    return token, nil
}

func (a *AuthService) requireAuth(token string) (*Session, error) {
    a.mu.RLock()
    session, ok := a.sessions[token]
    a.mu.RUnlock()
    
    if !ok {
        return nil, errors.New("not authenticated")
    }
    
    if time.Now().After(session.ExpiresAt) {
        return nil, errors.New("session expired")
    }
    
    return session, nil
}

// Protected method
func (a *AuthService) DeleteAccount(token string) error {
    session, err := a.requireAuth(token)
    if err != nil {
        return err
    }
    
    return a.db.DeleteUser(session.UserID)
}

3. Pembatasan Laju

Cegah penyalahgunaan:

go
type RateLimiter struct {
    requests map[string][]time.Time
    mu       sync.Mutex
    limit    int
    window   time.Duration
}

func (r *RateLimiter) Allow(key string) bool {
    r.mu.Lock()
    defer r.mu.Unlock()
    
    now := time.Now()
    
    // Clean old requests
    if requests, ok := r.requests[key]; ok {
        var recent []time.Time
        for _, t := range requests {
            if now.Sub(t) < r.window {
                recent = append(recent, t)
            }
        }
        r.requests[key] = recent
    }
    
    // Check limit
    if len(r.requests[key]) >= r.limit {
        return false
    }
    
    // Add request
    r.requests[key] = append(r.requests[key], now)
    return true
}

// Usage
func (s *Service) SendEmail(to, subject, body string) error {
    if !s.rateLimiter.Allow(to) {
        return errors.New("rate limit exceeded")
    }
    
    return s.emailer.Send(to, subject, body)
}

Pola Penanganan Kesalahan

1. Kesalahan yang Deskriptif

Sertakan konteks dalam kesalahan:

go
// ❌ Bad: Generic errors
func (s *Service) LoadFile(path string) ([]byte, error) {
    return os.ReadFile(path)  // "no such file or directory"
}

// ✅ Good: Contextual errors
func (s *Service) LoadFile(path string) ([]byte, error) {
    data, err := os.ReadFile(path)
    if err != nil {
        return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to load file %s: %w", path, err)
    }
    return data, nil
}

2. Tipe Kesalahan

Gunakan kesalahan bertipe untuk penanganan khusus:

go
type ValidationError struct {
    Field   string
    Message string
}

func (e *ValidationError) Error() string {
    return fmt.Sprintf("%s: %s", e.Field, e.Message)
}

type NotFoundError struct {
    Resource string
    ID       interface{}
}

func (e *NotFoundError) Error() string {
    return fmt.Sprintf("%s not found: %v", e.Resource, e.ID)
}

// Usage
func (s *UserService) GetUser(id int) (*User, error) {
    if id <= 0 {
        return nil, &ValidationError{
            Field:   "id",
            Message: "must be positive",
        }
    }
    
    user, err := s.db.Find(id)
    if err == sql.ErrNoRows {
        return nil, &NotFoundError{
            Resource: "User",
            ID:       id,
        }
    }
    if err != nil {
        return nil, fmt.Errorf("database error: %w", err)
    }
    
    return user, nil
}

3. Pemulihan dari Kesalahan

Tangani kesalahan dengan baik:

go
func (s *Service) ProcessWithRetry(data string) error {
    maxRetries := 3
    
    for attempt := 1; attempt <= maxRetries; attempt++ {
        err := s.process(data)
        if err == nil {
            return nil
        }
        
        // Log attempt
        s.app.Logger.Warn("Process failed", 
            "attempt", attempt, 
            "error", err)
        
        // Don't retry on validation errors
        if _, ok := err.(*ValidationError); ok {
            return err
        }
        
        // Wait before retry
        if attempt < maxRetries {
            time.Sleep(time.Duration(attempt) * time.Second)
        }
    }
    
    return fmt.Errorf("failed after %d attempts", maxRetries)
}

Pola Pengujian

1. Pengujian Unit

Uji layanan secara terisolasi:

go
func TestUserService_CreateUser(t *testing.T) {
    // Setup
    db := &MockDB{}
    service := &UserService{db: db}
    
    // Test valid input
    user, err := service.CreateUser("test@example.com", "password123")
    if err != nil {
        t.Fatalf("unexpected error: %v", err)
    }
    if user.Email != "test@example.com" {
        t.Errorf("expected email test@example.com, got %s", user.Email)
    }
    
    // Test invalid email
    _, err = service.CreateUser("invalid", "password123")
    if err == nil {
        t.Error("expected error for invalid email")
    }
    
    // Test short password
    _, err = service.CreateUser("test@example.com", "short")
    if err == nil {
        t.Error("expected error for short password")
    }
}

2. Pengujian Integrasi

Uji dengan dependensi nyata:

go
func TestUserService_Integration(t *testing.T) {
    // Setup real database
    db, err := sql.Open("sqlite3", ":memory:")
    if err != nil {
        t.Fatal(err)
    }
    defer db.Close()
    
    // Create schema
    _, err = db.Exec(`CREATE TABLE users (...)`)
    if err != nil {
        t.Fatal(err)
    }
    
    // Test service
    service := &UserService{db: db}
    
    user, err := service.CreateUser("test@example.com", "password123")
    if err != nil {
        t.Fatal(err)
    }
    
    // Verify in database
    var count int
    db.QueryRow("SELECT COUNT(*) FROM users WHERE email = ?", 
        user.Email).Scan(&count)
    
    if count != 1 {
        t.Errorf("expected 1 user, got %d", count)
    }
}

3. Layanan Mock

Buat antarmuka yang dapat diuji:

go
type UserRepository interface {
    Create(user *User) error
    FindByEmail(email string) (*User, error)
    Update(user *User) error
    Delete(id int) error
}

type UserService struct {
    repo UserRepository
}

// Mock for testing
type MockUserRepository struct {
    users map[string]*User
}

func (m *MockUserRepository) Create(user *User) error {
    m.users[user.Email] = user
    return nil
}

// Test with mock
func TestUserService_WithMock(t *testing.T) {
    mock := &MockUserRepository{
        users: make(map[string]*User),
    }
    
    service := &UserService{repo: mock}
    
    // Test
    user, err := service.CreateUser("test@example.com", "password123")
    if err != nil {
        t.Fatal(err)
    }
    
    // Verify mock was called
    if len(mock.users) != 1 {
        t.Error("expected 1 user in mock")
    }
}

Ringkasan Praktik Terbaik

✅ Lakukan

  • Tanggung jawab tunggal - Satu layanan, satu tujuan
  • Penamaan yang jelas - Nama metode yang deskriptif
  • Validasi input - Selalu lakukan di sisi Go
  • Kembalikan kesalahan - Penanganan kesalahan secara eksplisit
  • Proses operasi secara batch - Kurangi pemanggilan melalui bridge
  • Gunakan event - Untuk streaming data
  • Sanitasi input - Cegah injeksi
  • Lakukan pengujian secara menyeluruh - Pengujian unit dan integrasi
  • Dokumentasikan metode - Komentar menjadi JSDoc
  • Beri versi pada API Anda - Rencanakan perubahan

❌ Jangan Lakukan

  • Jangan buat god object - Jaga agar setiap layanan tetap terfokus
  • Jangan percayai frontend - Validasi semuanya
  • Jangan kembalikan set data yang sangat besar - Gunakan paginasi
  • Jangan lakukan operasi yang memblokir - Gunakan goroutine untuk operasi yang berlangsung lama
  • Jangan abaikan kesalahan - Tangani semua kasus kesalahan
  • Jangan lewatkan pengujian - Uji sejak dini dan sesering mungkin
  • Jangan hardcode nilai - Gunakan konfigurasi
  • Jangan mengekspos detail internal - Jaga agar implementasi tetap privat

Langkah Berikutnya

  • Metode - Pelajari dasar-dasar binding metode
  • Layanan - Pahami arsitektur layanan
  • Model - Bind struktur data yang kompleks
  • Peristiwa - Gunakan peristiwa untuk pola pub/sub

Ada pertanyaan? Tanyakan di Discord atau lihat contoh binding.

Edit halaman

Terakhir diperbarui: