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Beberapa Jendela

Pola dan praktik terbaik untuk aplikasi dengan beberapa jendela

Aplikasi dengan Beberapa Jendela

Wails v3 menyediakan dukungan bawaan untuk beberapa jendela guna membuat jendela pengaturan, jendela dokumen, palet alat, dan jendela pemeriksa. Lacak jendela, aktifkan komunikasi antarjendela, dan kelola siklus hidupnya dengan API yang sederhana dan konsisten.

Jendela Utama + Pengaturan

go
package main

import "github.com/wailsapp/wails/v3/pkg/application"

type App struct {
    app            *application.App
    mainWindow     *application.WebviewWindow
    settingsWindow *application.WebviewWindow
}

func main() {
    app := &App{}
    
    app.app = application.New(application.Options{
        Name: "Multi-Window App",
    })
    
    // Create main window
    app.mainWindow = app.app.Window.NewWithOptions(application.WebviewWindowOptions{
        Name:   "main",
        Title:  "Main Application",
        Width:  1200,
        Height: 800,
    })
    
    // Create settings window (hidden initially)
    app.settingsWindow = app.app.Window.NewWithOptions(application.WebviewWindowOptions{
        Name:   "settings",
        Title:  "Settings",
        Width:  600,
        Height: 400,
        Hidden: true,
    })
    
    app.app.Run()
}

// Show settings from main window
func (a *App) ShowSettings() {
    if a.settingsWindow != nil {
        a.settingsWindow.Show()
        a.settingsWindow.Focus()
    }
}

Poin utama:

  • Jendela utama selalu terlihat
  • Jendela pengaturan dibuat tetapi disembunyikan
  • Tampilkan pengaturan saat diperlukan
  • Gunakan kembali jendela yang sama (jangan buat beberapa jendela)

Pelacakan Jendela

Mendapatkan Semua Jendela

go
windows := app.Window.GetAll()
fmt.Printf("Total windows: %d\n", len(windows))

for _, window := range windows {
    fmt.Printf("- %s (ID: %d)\n", window.Name(), window.ID())
}

Menemukan Jendela Tertentu

go
// By name
if settings, ok := app.Window.GetByName("settings"); ok {
    settings.Show()
}

// By ID
if window, ok := app.Window.GetByID(123); ok {
    window.Focus()
}

// Current (focused) window
current := app.Window.Current()

Pola Registri Jendela

Lacak jendela dalam aplikasi Anda:

go
type WindowManager struct {
    windows map[string]*application.WebviewWindow
    mu      sync.RWMutex
}

func (wm *WindowManager) Register(name string, window *application.WebviewWindow) {
    wm.mu.Lock()
    defer wm.mu.Unlock()
    wm.windows[name] = window
}

func (wm *WindowManager) Get(name string) *application.WebviewWindow {
    wm.mu.RLock()
    defer wm.mu.RUnlock()
    return wm.windows[name]
}

func (wm *WindowManager) Remove(name string) {
    wm.mu.Lock()
    defer wm.mu.Unlock()
    delete(wm.windows, name)
}

Komunikasi Antarjendela

Menggunakan Peristiwa

Jendela berkomunikasi melalui sistem peristiwa:

go
// In main window - emit event
app.Event.Emit("settings-changed", map[string]interface{}{
    "theme": "dark",
    "fontSize": 14,
})

// In settings window - listen for event
app.Event.On("settings-changed", func(event *application.CustomEvent) {
    data := event.Data.(map[string]interface{})
    theme := data["theme"].(string)
    fontSize := data["fontSize"].(int)
    
    // Update UI
    updateSettings(theme, fontSize)
})

Pola Status Bersama

Gunakan pengelola status bersama:

go
type AppState struct {
    theme    string
    fontSize int
    mu       sync.RWMutex
}

var state = &AppState{
    theme:    "light",
    fontSize: 12,
}

func (s *AppState) SetTheme(theme string) {
    s.mu.Lock()
    s.theme = theme
    s.mu.Unlock()
    
    // Notify all windows
    app.Event.Emit("theme-changed", theme)
}

func (s *AppState) GetTheme() string {
    s.mu.RLock()
    defer s.mu.RUnlock()
    return s.theme
}

Pesan Antarjendela

Kirim pesan di antara jendela tertentu:

go
// Get target window
if targetWindow, ok := app.Window.GetByName("preview"); ok {
    // Emit event to specific window
    targetWindow.EmitEvent("update-preview", previewData)
}

Pola Umum

Pola 1: Jendela Singleton

Pastikan hanya ada satu instans jendela:

go
var settingsWindow *application.WebviewWindow

func ShowSettings(app *application.App) {
    // Create if doesn't exist
    if settingsWindow == nil {
        settingsWindow = app.Window.NewWithOptions(application.WebviewWindowOptions{
            Name:   "settings",
            Title:  "Settings",
            Width:  600,
            Height: 400,
        })
        
        // Cleanup on close
        settingsWindow.OnWindowEvent(events.Common.WindowClosing, func(event *application.WindowEvent) {
            settingsWindow = nil
        })
    }
    
    // Show and focus
    settingsWindow.Show()
    settingsWindow.Focus()
}

Pola 2: Jendela Dokumen

Beberapa instans dari jenis jendela yang sama:

go
type DocumentWindow struct {
    window   *application.WebviewWindow
    filePath string
    modified bool
}

var documents = make(map[string]*DocumentWindow)

func OpenDocument(app *application.App, filePath string) {
    // Check if already open
    if doc, exists := documents[filePath]; exists {
        doc.window.Show()
        doc.window.Focus()
        return
    }
    
    // Create new document window
    window := app.Window.NewWithOptions(application.WebviewWindowOptions{
        Title:  filepath.Base(filePath),
        Width:  800,
        Height: 600,
    })
    
    doc := &DocumentWindow{
        window:   window,
        filePath: filePath,
        modified: false,
    }
    
    documents[filePath] = doc
    
    // Cleanup on close
    window.OnWindowEvent(events.Common.WindowClosing, func(event *application.WindowEvent) {
        delete(documents, filePath)
    })
    
    // Load document
    loadDocument(window, filePath)
}

Pola 3: Palet Alat

Jendela mengambang yang tetap berada di atas:

go
func CreateToolPalette(app *application.App) *application.WebviewWindow {
    palette := app.Window.NewWithOptions(application.WebviewWindowOptions{
        Name:          "tools",
        Title:         "Tools",
        Width:         200,
        Height:        400,
        AlwaysOnTop:   true,
        DisableResize: true,
    })

    return palette
}

Pola 4: Dialog modal (khusus macOS)

Jendela anak yang memblokir jendela induk:

go
func ShowModaldialog(parent *application.WebviewWindow, title string) {
    dialog := app.Window.NewWithOptions(application.WebviewWindowOptions{
        Title:         title,
        Width:         400,
        Height:        200,
        AlwaysOnTop:   true,
        DisableResize: true,
    })

    parent.AttachModal(dialog)
}

Pola 5: Jendela Pemeriksa/Pratinjau

Jendela tertaut yang diperbarui secara bersamaan:

go
type EditorApp struct {
    editor  *application.WebviewWindow
    preview *application.WebviewWindow
}

func (e *EditorApp) UpdatePreview(content string) {
    if e.preview != nil && e.preview.IsVisible() {
        e.preview.EmitEvent("content-changed", content)
    }
}

func (e *EditorApp) TogglePreview() {
    if e.preview == nil {
        e.preview = app.Window.NewWithOptions(application.WebviewWindowOptions{
            Name:   "preview",
            Title:  "Preview",
            Width:  600,
            Height: 800,
        })
        
        e.preview.OnWindowEvent(events.Common.WindowClosing, func(event *application.WindowEvent) {
            e.preview = nil
        })
    }
    
    if e.preview.IsVisible() {
        e.preview.Hide()
    } else {
        e.preview.Show()
    }
}

Hubungan Induk-Anak

Membuat Jendela Anak

go
childWindow := app.Window.NewWithOptions(application.WebviewWindowOptions{
    Title:  "Child Window",
})

parentWindow.AttachModal(childWindow)

Perilaku:

  • Jendela anak tetap berada di atas jendela induk
  • Jendela anak bergerak bersama jendela induk
  • Jendela anak memblokir interaksi dengan jendela induk

Dukungan platform:

macOS Windows Linux
✅ ❌ ❌

Perilaku Modal

Buat perilaku menyerupai modal:

go
func ShowModaldialog(parent *application.WebviewWindow, title string) {
    dialog := app.Window.NewWithOptions(application.WebviewWindowOptions{
        Title:       title,
        Width:       400,
        Height:      200,
    })
    
    parent.AttachModal(dialog)
}

Pengelolaan Siklus Hidup Jendela

Callback Pembuatan

Dapatkan notifikasi saat jendela dibuat:

go
app.Window.OnCreate(func(window application.Window) {
    fmt.Printf("Window created: %s\n", window.Name())

    // Configure all new windows
    window.SetMinSize(400, 300)
})

Callback Penghancuran

Lakukan pembersihan saat jendela dihancurkan:

go
window.OnWindowEvent(events.Common.WindowClosing, func(event *application.WindowEvent) {
    fmt.Printf("Window %s is closing\n", window.Name())
    
    // Cleanup resources
    cleanup(window.ID())
    
    // Remove from tracking
    removeFromRegistry(window.Name())
})

Perilaku Keluar Aplikasi

Kendalikan kapan aplikasi ditutup:

go
app := application.New(application.Options{
    Mac: application.MacOptions{
        // Don't quit when last window closes
        ApplicationShouldTerminateAfterLastWindowClosed: false,
    },
})

Kasus penggunaan:

  • Aplikasi baki sistem
  • Layanan latar belakang
  • Aplikasi bilah menu (macOS)

Pengelolaan Memori

Mencegah Kebocoran

Selalu bersihkan referensi jendela:

go
var windows = make(map[string]*application.WebviewWindow)

func CreateWindow(name string) {
    window := app.Window.New()
    windows[name] = window
    
    // IMPORTANT: Clean up on close
    window.OnWindowEvent(events.Common.WindowClosing, func(event *application.WindowEvent) {
        delete(windows, name)
    })
}
go
// Close — dispatches WindowClosing; a RegisterHook can call e.Cancel().
window.Close()

Tidak ada window.Destroy() di v3. Untuk mencegah penutupan, gunakan RegisterHook(events.Common.WindowClosing, ...) dan panggil event.Cancel().

Pembersihan Sumber Daya

go
type ManagedWindow struct {
    window     *application.WebviewWindow
    resources  []io.Closer
}

func (mw *ManagedWindow) Destroy() {
    // Close all resources
    for _, resource := range mw.resources {
        resource.Close()
    }

    // Close the window — WindowClosing listeners run before the window goes away.
    mw.window.Close()
}

Pola Lanjutan

Pool Jendela

Gunakan kembali jendela alih-alih membuat yang baru:

go
type WindowPool struct {
    available []*application.WebviewWindow
    inUse     map[uint]*application.WebviewWindow
    mu        sync.Mutex
}

func (wp *WindowPool) Acquire() *application.WebviewWindow {
    wp.mu.Lock()
    defer wp.mu.Unlock()
    
    // Reuse available window
    if len(wp.available) > 0 {
        window := wp.available[0]
        wp.available = wp.available[1:]
        wp.inUse[window.ID()] = window
        return window
    }
    
    // Create new window
    window := app.Window.New()
    wp.inUse[window.ID()] = window
    return window
}

func (wp *WindowPool) Release(window *application.WebviewWindow) {
    wp.mu.Lock()
    defer wp.mu.Unlock()
    
    delete(wp.inUse, window.ID())
    window.Hide()
    wp.available = append(wp.available, window)
}

Grup Jendela

Kelola jendela yang saling terkait secara bersamaan:

go
type WindowGroup struct {
    name    string
    windows []*application.WebviewWindow
}

func (wg *WindowGroup) Add(window *application.WebviewWindow) {
    wg.windows = append(wg.windows, window)
}

func (wg *WindowGroup) ShowAll() {
    for _, window := range wg.windows {
        window.Show()
    }
}

func (wg *WindowGroup) HideAll() {
    for _, window := range wg.windows {
        window.Hide()
    }
}

func (wg *WindowGroup) CloseAll() {
    for _, window := range wg.windows {
        window.Close()
    }
}

Pengelolaan Ruang Kerja

Simpan dan pulihkan tata letak jendela:

go
type WindowLayout struct {
    Windows []WindowState `json:"windows"`
}

type WindowState struct {
    Name   string `json:"name"`
    X      int    `json:"x"`
    Y      int    `json:"y"`
    Width  int    `json:"width"`
    Height int    `json:"height"`
}

func SaveLayout() *WindowLayout {
    layout := &WindowLayout{}
    
    for _, window := range app.Window.GetAll() {
        x, y := window.Position()
        width, height := window.Size()
        
        layout.Windows = append(layout.Windows, WindowState{
            Name:   window.Name(),
            X:      x,
            Y:      y,
            Width:  width,
            Height: height,
        })
    }
    
    return layout
}

func RestoreLayout(layout *WindowLayout) {
    for _, state := range layout.Windows {
        if window, ok := app.Window.GetByName(state.Name); ok {
            window.SetPosition(state.X, state.Y)
            window.SetSize(state.Width, state.Height)
        }
    }
}

Contoh Lengkap

Berikut adalah aplikasi multijendela yang siap digunakan dalam produksi:

go
package main

import (
    "encoding/json"
    "os"
    "sync"

    "github.com/wailsapp/wails/v3/pkg/application"
    "github.com/wailsapp/wails/v3/pkg/events"
)

type MultiWindowApp struct {
    app     *application.App
    windows map[string]*application.WebviewWindow
    mu      sync.RWMutex
}

func main() {
    mwa := &MultiWindowApp{
        windows: make(map[string]*application.WebviewWindow),
    }
    
    mwa.app = application.New(application.Options{
        Name: "Multi-Window Application",
        Mac: application.MacOptions{
            ApplicationShouldTerminateAfterLastWindowClosed: false,
        },
    })
    
    // Create main window
    mwa.CreateMainWindow()
    
    // Load saved layout
    mwa.LoadLayout()
    
    mwa.app.Run()
}

func (mwa *MultiWindowApp) CreateMainWindow() {
    window := mwa.app.Window.NewWithOptions(application.WebviewWindowOptions{
        Name:   "main",
        Title:  "Main Application",
        Width:  1200,
        Height: 800,
    })
    
    mwa.RegisterWindow("main", window)
}

func (mwa *MultiWindowApp) ShowSettings() {
    if window := mwa.GetWindow("settings"); window != nil {
        window.Show()
        window.Focus()
        return
    }
    
    window := mwa.app.Window.NewWithOptions(application.WebviewWindowOptions{
        Name:   "settings",
        Title:  "Settings",
        Width:  600,
        Height: 400,
    })
    
    mwa.RegisterWindow("settings", window)
}

func (mwa *MultiWindowApp) OpenDocument(path string) {
    name := "doc-" + path
    
    if window := mwa.GetWindow(name); window != nil {
        window.Show()
        window.Focus()
        return
    }
    
    window := mwa.app.Window.NewWithOptions(application.WebviewWindowOptions{
        Name:  name,
        Title: path,
        Width: 800,
        Height: 600,
    })
    
    mwa.RegisterWindow(name, window)
}

func (mwa *MultiWindowApp) RegisterWindow(name string, window *application.WebviewWindow) {
    mwa.mu.Lock()
    mwa.windows[name] = window
    mwa.mu.Unlock()
    
    window.OnWindowEvent(events.Common.WindowClosing, func(event *application.WindowEvent) {
        mwa.UnregisterWindow(name)
    })
}

func (mwa *MultiWindowApp) UnregisterWindow(name string) {
    mwa.mu.Lock()
    delete(mwa.windows, name)
    mwa.mu.Unlock()
}

func (mwa *MultiWindowApp) GetWindow(name string) *application.WebviewWindow {
    mwa.mu.RLock()
    defer mwa.mu.RUnlock()
    return mwa.windows[name]
}

func (mwa *MultiWindowApp) SaveLayout() {
    layout := make(map[string]WindowState)
    
    mwa.mu.RLock()
    for name, window := range mwa.windows {
        x, y := window.Position()
        width, height := window.Size()
        
        layout[name] = WindowState{
            X:      x,
            Y:      y,
            Width:  width,
            Height: height,
        }
    }
    mwa.mu.RUnlock()
    
    data, _ := json.Marshal(layout)
    os.WriteFile("layout.json", data, 0644)
}

func (mwa *MultiWindowApp) LoadLayout() {
    data, err := os.ReadFile("layout.json")
    if err != nil {
        return
    }
    
    var layout map[string]WindowState
    if err := json.Unmarshal(data, &layout); err != nil {
        return
    }
    
    for name, state := range layout {
        if window := mwa.GetWindow(name); window != nil {
            window.SetPosition(state.X, state.Y)
            window.SetSize(state.Width, state.Height)
        }
    }
}

type WindowState struct {
    X      int `json:"x"`
    Y      int `json:"y"`
    Width  int `json:"width"`
    Height int `json:"height"`
}

Praktik Terbaik

✅ Lakukan

  • Lacak jendela - Simpan referensi agar mudah diakses
  • Bersihkan saat dihancurkan - Cegah kebocoran memori
  • Gunakan event untuk komunikasi - Arsitektur yang tidak saling bergantung
  • Gunakan kembali jendela - Jangan buat duplikat
  • Simpan/pulihkan tata letak - UX yang lebih baik
  • Tangani penutupan jendela - Minta konfirmasi sebelum menutup jika ada data yang belum disimpan

❌ Jangan Lakukan

  • Jangan buat jendela tanpa batas - Menimbulkan masalah memori dan performa
  • Jangan lupa melakukan pembersihan - Menyebabkan kebocoran memori
  • Jangan gunakan variabel global secara sembarangan - Menimbulkan masalah keamanan thread
  • Jangan blokir pembuatan jendela - Buat secara asinkron jika diperlukan
  • Jangan abaikan perbedaan antarplatform - Uji di semua platform

Langkah Berikutnya

Ada pertanyaan? Tanyakan di Discord atau lihat contoh multijendela.

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