多窗口

多窗口应用

Wails v3 提供原生多窗口支持，可用于创建设置窗口、文档窗口、工具面板和检查器窗口。通过简单且一致的 API 跟踪窗口、实现窗口间通信并管理窗口的生命周期。

主窗口与设置窗口

package main

import "github.com/wailsapp/wails/v3/pkg/application"

type App struct {
    app            *application.App
    mainWindow     *application.WebviewWindow
    settingsWindow *application.WebviewWindow
}

func main() {
    app := &App{}
    
    app.app = application.New(application.Options{
        Name: "Multi-Window App",
    })
    
    // Create main window
    app.mainWindow = app.app.Window.NewWithOptions(application.WebviewWindowOptions{
        Name:   "main",
        Title:  "Main Application",
        Width:  1200,
        Height: 800,
    })
    
    // Create settings window (hidden initially)
    app.settingsWindow = app.app.Window.NewWithOptions(application.WebviewWindowOptions{
        Name:   "settings",
        Title:  "Settings",
        Width:  600,
        Height: 400,
        Hidden: true,
    })
    
    app.app.Run()
}

// Show settings from main window
func (a *App) ShowSettings() {
    if a.settingsWindow != nil {
        a.settingsWindow.Show()
        a.settingsWindow.Focus()
    }
}

要点：

主窗口始终可见
设置窗口已创建但处于隐藏状态
按需显示设置窗口
复用同一窗口（不要创建多个窗口）

窗口跟踪

获取所有窗口

windows := app.Window.GetAll()
fmt.Printf("Total windows: %d\n", len(windows))

for _, window := range windows {
    fmt.Printf("- %s (ID: %d)\n", window.Name(), window.ID())
}

查找特定窗口

// By name
if settings, ok := app.Window.GetByName("settings"); ok {
    settings.Show()
}

// By ID
if window, ok := app.Window.GetByID(123); ok {
    window.Focus()
}

// Current (focused) window
current := app.Window.Current()

窗口注册表模式

跟踪应用中的窗口：

type WindowManager struct {
    windows map[string]*application.WebviewWindow
    mu      sync.RWMutex
}

func (wm *WindowManager) Register(name string, window *application.WebviewWindow) {
    wm.mu.Lock()
    defer wm.mu.Unlock()
    wm.windows[name] = window
}

func (wm *WindowManager) Get(name string) *application.WebviewWindow {
    wm.mu.RLock()
    defer wm.mu.RUnlock()
    return wm.windows[name]
}

func (wm *WindowManager) Remove(name string) {
    wm.mu.Lock()
    defer wm.mu.Unlock()
    delete(wm.windows, name)
}

窗口通信

使用事件

窗口通过事件系统通信：

// In main window - emit event
app.Event.Emit("settings-changed", map[string]interface{}{
    "theme": "dark",
    "fontSize": 14,
})

// In settings window - listen for event
app.Event.On("settings-changed", func(event *application.CustomEvent) {
    data := event.Data.(map[string]interface{})
    theme := data["theme"].(string)
    fontSize := data["fontSize"].(int)
    
    // Update UI
    updateSettings(theme, fontSize)
})

共享状态模式

使用共享状态管理器：

type AppState struct {
    theme    string
    fontSize int
    mu       sync.RWMutex
}

var state = &AppState{
    theme:    "light",
    fontSize: 12,
}

func (s *AppState) SetTheme(theme string) {
    s.mu.Lock()
    s.theme = theme
    s.mu.Unlock()
    
    // Notify all windows
    app.Event.Emit("theme-changed", theme)
}

func (s *AppState) GetTheme() string {
    s.mu.RLock()
    defer s.mu.RUnlock()
    return s.theme
}

窗口间消息

在特定窗口之间发送消息：

// Get target window
if targetWindow, ok := app.Window.GetByName("preview"); ok {
    // Emit event to specific window
    targetWindow.EmitEvent("update-preview", previewData)
}

常用模式

模式1：单例窗口

确保一个窗口仅存在一个实例：

var settingsWindow *application.WebviewWindow

func ShowSettings(app *application.App) {
    // Create if doesn't exist
    if settingsWindow == nil {
        settingsWindow = app.Window.NewWithOptions(application.WebviewWindowOptions{
            Name:   "settings",
            Title:  "Settings",
            Width:  600,
            Height: 400,
        })
        
        // Cleanup on close
        settingsWindow.OnWindowEvent(events.Common.WindowClosing, func(event *application.WindowEvent) {
            settingsWindow = nil
        })
    }
    
    // Show and focus
    settingsWindow.Show()
    settingsWindow.Focus()
}

模式2：文档窗口

同一窗口类型的多个实例：

type DocumentWindow struct {
    window   *application.WebviewWindow
    filePath string
    modified bool
}

var documents = make(map[string]*DocumentWindow)

func OpenDocument(app *application.App, filePath string) {
    // Check if already open
    if doc, exists := documents[filePath]; exists {
        doc.window.Show()
        doc.window.Focus()
        return
    }
    
    // Create new document window
    window := app.Window.NewWithOptions(application.WebviewWindowOptions{
        Title:  filepath.Base(filePath),
        Width:  800,
        Height: 600,
    })
    
    doc := &DocumentWindow{
        window:   window,
        filePath: filePath,
        modified: false,
    }
    
    documents[filePath] = doc
    
    // Cleanup on close
    window.OnWindowEvent(events.Common.WindowClosing, func(event *application.WindowEvent) {
        delete(documents, filePath)
    })
    
    // Load document
    loadDocument(window, filePath)
}

模式3：工具面板

始终置顶的浮动窗口：

func CreateToolPalette(app *application.App) *application.WebviewWindow {
    palette := app.Window.NewWithOptions(application.WebviewWindowOptions{
        Name:          "tools",
        Title:         "Tools",
        Width:         200,
        Height:        400,
        AlwaysOnTop:   true,
        DisableResize: true,
    })

    return palette
}

模式4：模态对话框（仅限 macOS）

阻止用户与父窗口交互的子窗口：

func ShowModaldialog(parent *application.WebviewWindow, title string) {
    dialog := app.Window.NewWithOptions(application.WebviewWindowOptions{
        Title:         title,
        Width:         400,
        Height:        200,
        AlwaysOnTop:   true,
        DisableResize: true,
    })

    parent.AttachModal(dialog)
}

模式5：检查器/预览窗口

同步更新的关联窗口：

type EditorApp struct {
    editor  *application.WebviewWindow
    preview *application.WebviewWindow
}

func (e *EditorApp) UpdatePreview(content string) {
    if e.preview != nil && e.preview.IsVisible() {
        e.preview.EmitEvent("content-changed", content)
    }
}

func (e *EditorApp) TogglePreview() {
    if e.preview == nil {
        e.preview = app.Window.NewWithOptions(application.WebviewWindowOptions{
            Name:   "preview",
            Title:  "Preview",
            Width:  600,
            Height: 800,
        })
        
        e.preview.OnWindowEvent(events.Common.WindowClosing, func(event *application.WindowEvent) {
            e.preview = nil
        })
    }
    
    if e.preview.IsVisible() {
        e.preview.Hide()
    } else {
        e.preview.Show()
    }
}

父子关系

创建子窗口

childWindow := app.Window.NewWithOptions(application.WebviewWindowOptions{
    Title:  "Child Window",
})

parentWindow.AttachModal(childWindow)

行为：

子窗口保持在父窗口上方
子窗口随父窗口一起移动
子窗口阻止用户与父窗口交互

平台支持：

macOS	Windows	Linux
✅	❌	❌

模态行为

实现类似模态窗口的行为：

func ShowModaldialog(parent *application.WebviewWindow, title string) {
    dialog := app.Window.NewWithOptions(application.WebviewWindowOptions{
        Title:       title,
        Width:       400,
        Height:      200,
    })
    
    parent.AttachModal(dialog)
}

窗口生命周期管理

创建回调

在创建窗口时接收通知：

app.Window.OnCreate(func(window application.Window) {
    fmt.Printf("Window created: %s\n", window.Name())

    // Configure all new windows
    window.SetMinSize(400, 300)
})

销毁回调

在销毁窗口时执行清理：

window.OnWindowEvent(events.Common.WindowClosing, func(event *application.WindowEvent) {
    fmt.Printf("Window %s is closing\n", window.Name())
    
    // Cleanup resources
    cleanup(window.ID())
    
    // Remove from tracking
    removeFromRegistry(window.Name())
})

应用退出行为

控制应用何时退出：

app := application.New(application.Options{
    Mac: application.MacOptions{
        // Don't quit when last window closes
        ApplicationShouldTerminateAfterLastWindowClosed: false,
    },
})

用例：

系统托盘应用
后台服务
菜单栏应用（macOS）

内存管理

防止内存泄漏

始终清理窗口引用：

var windows = make(map[string]*application.WebviewWindow)

func CreateWindow(name string) {
    window := app.Window.New()
    windows[name] = window
    
    // IMPORTANT: Clean up on close
    window.OnWindowEvent(events.Common.WindowClosing, func(event *application.WindowEvent) {
        delete(windows, name)
    })
}

关闭窗口

// Close — dispatches WindowClosing; a RegisterHook can call e.Cancel().
window.Close()

v3 中没有window.Destroy()。若要阻止窗口关闭，请使用RegisterHook(events.Common.WindowClosing, ...)并调用event.Cancel()。

资源清理

type ManagedWindow struct {
    window     *application.WebviewWindow
    resources  []io.Closer
}

func (mw *ManagedWindow) Destroy() {
    // Close all resources
    for _, resource := range mw.resources {
        resource.Close()
    }

    // Close the window — WindowClosing listeners run before the window goes away.
    mw.window.Close()
}

高级模式

窗口池

复用窗口，而不是创建新窗口：

type WindowPool struct {
    available []*application.WebviewWindow
    inUse     map[uint]*application.WebviewWindow
    mu        sync.Mutex
}

func (wp *WindowPool) Acquire() *application.WebviewWindow {
    wp.mu.Lock()
    defer wp.mu.Unlock()
    
    // Reuse available window
    if len(wp.available) > 0 {
        window := wp.available[0]
        wp.available = wp.available[1:]
        wp.inUse[window.ID()] = window
        return window
    }
    
    // Create new window
    window := app.Window.New()
    wp.inUse[window.ID()] = window
    return window
}

func (wp *WindowPool) Release(window *application.WebviewWindow) {
    wp.mu.Lock()
    defer wp.mu.Unlock()
    
    delete(wp.inUse, window.ID())
    window.Hide()
    wp.available = append(wp.available, window)
}

窗口组

统一管理相关窗口：

type WindowGroup struct {
    name    string
    windows []*application.WebviewWindow
}

func (wg *WindowGroup) Add(window *application.WebviewWindow) {
    wg.windows = append(wg.windows, window)
}

func (wg *WindowGroup) ShowAll() {
    for _, window := range wg.windows {
        window.Show()
    }
}

func (wg *WindowGroup) HideAll() {
    for _, window := range wg.windows {
        window.Hide()
    }
}

func (wg *WindowGroup) CloseAll() {
    for _, window := range wg.windows {
        window.Close()
    }
}

工作区管理

保存和恢复窗口布局：

type WindowLayout struct {
    Windows []WindowState `json:"windows"`
}

type WindowState struct {
    Name   string `json:"name"`
    X      int    `json:"x"`
    Y      int    `json:"y"`
    Width  int    `json:"width"`
    Height int    `json:"height"`
}

func SaveLayout() *WindowLayout {
    layout := &WindowLayout{}
    
    for _, window := range app.Window.GetAll() {
        x, y := window.Position()
        width, height := window.Size()
        
        layout.Windows = append(layout.Windows, WindowState{
            Name:   window.Name(),
            X:      x,
            Y:      y,
            Width:  width,
            Height: height,
        })
    }
    
    return layout
}

func RestoreLayout(layout *WindowLayout) {
    for _, state := range layout.Windows {
        if window, ok := app.Window.GetByName(state.Name); ok {
            window.SetPosition(state.X, state.Y)
            window.SetSize(state.Width, state.Height)
        }
    }
}

完整示例

下面是一个可用于生产环境的多窗口应用程序：

package main

import (
    "encoding/json"
    "os"
    "sync"

    "github.com/wailsapp/wails/v3/pkg/application"
    "github.com/wailsapp/wails/v3/pkg/events"
)

type MultiWindowApp struct {
    app     *application.App
    windows map[string]*application.WebviewWindow
    mu      sync.RWMutex
}

func main() {
    mwa := &MultiWindowApp{
        windows: make(map[string]*application.WebviewWindow),
    }
    
    mwa.app = application.New(application.Options{
        Name: "Multi-Window Application",
        Mac: application.MacOptions{
            ApplicationShouldTerminateAfterLastWindowClosed: false,
        },
    })
    
    // Create main window
    mwa.CreateMainWindow()
    
    // Load saved layout
    mwa.LoadLayout()
    
    mwa.app.Run()
}

func (mwa *MultiWindowApp) CreateMainWindow() {
    window := mwa.app.Window.NewWithOptions(application.WebviewWindowOptions{
        Name:   "main",
        Title:  "Main Application",
        Width:  1200,
        Height: 800,
    })
    
    mwa.RegisterWindow("main", window)
}

func (mwa *MultiWindowApp) ShowSettings() {
    if window := mwa.GetWindow("settings"); window != nil {
        window.Show()
        window.Focus()
        return
    }
    
    window := mwa.app.Window.NewWithOptions(application.WebviewWindowOptions{
        Name:   "settings",
        Title:  "Settings",
        Width:  600,
        Height: 400,
    })
    
    mwa.RegisterWindow("settings", window)
}

func (mwa *MultiWindowApp) OpenDocument(path string) {
    name := "doc-" + path
    
    if window := mwa.GetWindow(name); window != nil {
        window.Show()
        window.Focus()
        return
    }
    
    window := mwa.app.Window.NewWithOptions(application.WebviewWindowOptions{
        Name:  name,
        Title: path,
        Width: 800,
        Height: 600,
    })
    
    mwa.RegisterWindow(name, window)
}

func (mwa *MultiWindowApp) RegisterWindow(name string, window *application.WebviewWindow) {
    mwa.mu.Lock()
    mwa.windows[name] = window
    mwa.mu.Unlock()
    
    window.OnWindowEvent(events.Common.WindowClosing, func(event *application.WindowEvent) {
        mwa.UnregisterWindow(name)
    })
}

func (mwa *MultiWindowApp) UnregisterWindow(name string) {
    mwa.mu.Lock()
    delete(mwa.windows, name)
    mwa.mu.Unlock()
}

func (mwa *MultiWindowApp) GetWindow(name string) *application.WebviewWindow {
    mwa.mu.RLock()
    defer mwa.mu.RUnlock()
    return mwa.windows[name]
}

func (mwa *MultiWindowApp) SaveLayout() {
    layout := make(map[string]WindowState)
    
    mwa.mu.RLock()
    for name, window := range mwa.windows {
        x, y := window.Position()
        width, height := window.Size()
        
        layout[name] = WindowState{
            X:      x,
            Y:      y,
            Width:  width,
            Height: height,
        }
    }
    mwa.mu.RUnlock()
    
    data, _ := json.Marshal(layout)
    os.WriteFile("layout.json", data, 0644)
}

func (mwa *MultiWindowApp) LoadLayout() {
    data, err := os.ReadFile("layout.json")
    if err != nil {
        return
    }
    
    var layout map[string]WindowState
    if err := json.Unmarshal(data, &layout); err != nil {
        return
    }
    
    for name, state := range layout {
        if window := mwa.GetWindow(name); window != nil {
            window.SetPosition(state.X, state.Y)
            window.SetSize(state.Width, state.Height)
        }
    }
}

type WindowState struct {
    X      int `json:"x"`
    Y      int `json:"y"`
    Width  int `json:"width"`
    Height int `json:"height"`
}

最佳实践

✅ 应该做

跟踪窗口——保留引用以便访问
销毁时清理资源——防止内存泄漏
使用事件进行通信——实现解耦架构
复用窗口——不要创建重复窗口
保存和恢复布局——改善用户体验
处理窗口关闭操作——存在未保存的数据时，关闭前先请求确认

❌ 不应该做

不要创建无限数量的窗口——会导致内存和性能问题
不要忘记清理资源——否则会导致内存泄漏
不要随意使用全局变量——会导致线程安全问题
不要阻塞窗口创建——必要时以异步方式创建
不要忽略平台差异——在所有平台上进行测试

后续步骤

窗口基础知识——学习窗口管理的基础知识
窗口事件——处理窗口生命周期事件
事件系统——深入了解事件系统
无边框窗口——创建自定义窗口装饰

有疑问？请在Discord中提问，或查看多窗口示例。

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